Herb

Bitter Orange (Zhi qiao)

枳壳zhi qiao
1 sourceFructus Aurantii

Moves qi and loosens the chest, disperses fullness and distension, and frees the stagnation of phlegm and food.

Source

Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu)卷三十六·木部·枳·枳壳·主治（《开宝》）

References
  • functions_en self-translated from 本草纲目 traditional_functions (public domain; the Chinese tf carries verbatim excerpt_hash citations). No modern work consulted.
  • WHO IST-TCM terminology-aligned for the English rendering.
  • public pharmacopoeia & botanical facts (public-domain reference facts; no proprietary modern source).
Traditional functions

Classical source text (Chinese) — English summary above.

传统中医记载：《开宝》载枳壳主风痒麻痹、通利关节、劳气咳嗽、背膊闷倦、散留结胸膈痰滞、逐水、消胀满大肠风、安胃、止风痛；甄权谓遍身风疹、肠风痔疾、心腹结气、两胁胀虚；大明谓健脾开胃、调五脏、下气、止呕逆、消痰、治反胃霍乱泻痢；李时珍谓治里急后重。

Nature, flavor & meridians

Nature & flavor: 苦、酸，微寒，无毒（《开宝》枳壳；甄权谓苦、辛）；张元素谓气味升降与枳实同。

Citations
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳（枳壳·宋《开宝》）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its classification.
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳·释名（子名枳实枳壳）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its alternate names.
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳·枳壳·气味（《开宝》）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its nature & flavor.
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳·枳壳·主治（《开宝》）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its traditional functions.
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳·枳壳·主治（大明）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its traditional functions.
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳·枳壳·主治（时珍·里急后重）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its traditional functions.
  • Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) · Li Shizhen · 卷三十六·木部·枳·枳壳·发明（杲·气血弱者不可服）Cited from Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) for its safety notes.